Diagnosis And Classification Of Substance Use Disorders

Overview This thesis describes Phase IV Randomised Clinical Trial performed with the objective of personalising treatment for patients receiving Suboxone ® (Buprenorphine/Naloxone) for their Opioid Use Disorders (OUD). The trial is given an acronym of S.T.A.R.T standing for â€Å"Suboxone Treatment and Recovery Trial†. The trial attempts to study the impact of integrating therapeutic drug monitoring of Buprenorphine/Naloxone (BNX) with psychosocial concepts in patient management during the outpatient phase. S.T.A.R.T composes of several domains taking into account clinical intervention, and health economics and return on investment of treatment. This thesis details the components of the clinical commencing with an initial 4-week inpatient†¦show more content†¦2. ‘Moderate’, being associated with the presence of at least 4-5 symptoms. 3. ‘Severe’, being associated with the presence of 6 or more symptoms. This alternation in the DSM-5 might contribute to extending treatment to patients diagnosed with SUD and not limit treatment to those with higher severity i.e. ‘Substance Dependence’ described under DSM-IV TR. In this context, identifying recovery and treatment outcomes i.e. what treatment is trying to achieve may contribute to strengthening the response to SUD. In fact, ‘recovery’ from SUD is a challenging concept to define, and limiting recovery to abstinence was described as a ‘false debate’ by Boardman and Slade (2008). A comprehensive understanding of what is expected from treatment has led to an operational definition of recovery to â€Å"voluntary abstinence† from substance use with psychiatric, psychological, social and spiritual health along with maintaining â€Å"good citizenship† [Betty Ford Consensus Panel, 2007]. It is important to no te that maintaining and sustaining recovery outcomes are the most challenging. Patients who do not meet any of the diagnostic criteria, with the exception of â€Å"strong urge to use or craving† for at-least 3 months, are considered to be in early remission. If this period extends to 12 months, patients are considered in sustained remission. In this connection, it is important to identify the type and level of care the patient is receiving, i.e. whether theShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pages1.) Alcohol is a nervous system depressant and is the most commonly used and abused drug in the united states. Classification is withdrawal, tolerance, and craving. Route of administrated for alcohol is swallowed through the mouth, eaten or drinking, chewed and absorbed through the lining of the mouth. Physical and Psychological Alcohol contains blackouts, liver disease, depression, Loss of appetite, behavior change, and physical damage to the brain. Symptoms of withdrawals may occur fromRead MoreSubstance Use And Mental Health Problems1630 Words   |  7 Pages Substance use is very common among people diagnosed with mental illness. This paper will examine the results of four studies by Shi (2014) and by Ortiz-Gomez et al. (2014), Marmorstien (2010) and Green et al. All of these studies examine substance use among individuals diagnosed with depression. In conducting a study Shi (2014) examined the relationship between marijuana and depression. Shi (2014) examined the risk and quit behavior among adults living with depression or a serious psychologicalRead MoreOutline and Evaluate Issues Surrounding the Classification and Diagnosis of Depression1051 Words   |  5 PagesOutline and Evaluate Issues Surrounding the Classification and Diagnosis of Depression Scheff’s Labelling Theory is a process which involves labelling people with mental disorders when they produce behaviour that does not fit with socially constructed norms and labelling those who reflect stereotyped or stigmatized behaviour of the ‘mentally ill’. A disadvantage of labelling an individual with depression is that labelling can accentuate and prolong the issue. In addition by labelling someoneRead MoreDiagnostic And Statistical Manual ( Dsm V )829 Words   |  4 Pagesand International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), World Health Organization (WHO) (1995) are two similar systems (though not identical) which clinicians use to offer dependence diagnosing criteria by objectively identifying substance misuse and mental health disorder. According to Cooper (2011) dual diagnosis, co-morbidity, co-existence or co-occurring are terms used to identify the combination of substance use and mental health problems. (SOURCE) states that dual diagnosis, co-mo rbidity, co-existenceRead MoreThe Three Main Types Of Eating Disorders1305 Words   |  6 PagesEating Disorders The three main types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating, are complex pschyatriac disorders. The classification and diagnosis of each disorder is challenging because diagnostic symptoms and behaviours overlap. These disorders consist of various biological, psychological and sociological factors. They frequently coexist with other illnesses such as depression, substance abuse, or anxiety disorders. (ANAD) Eating disorders are commonly associatedRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Deep Rooted Sickness1527 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder is a deep rooted sickness. Scenes of lunacy and depression in the long run can happen again in the event that you don t get treatment. Numerous individuals infrequently keep on having manifestations, even in the wake of getting treatment for their bipolar issue. Some types of bipolar issue are: Bipolar I disorder involves periods of severe mood episodes from mania to depression. Bipolar II issue is a milder type o f state of mind height, including milder scenes of hypomania thatRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Substance Use Disorder998 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Diagnostic Statistic Manual 5 (DSM-5) substance use disorder is when the individual has a dependency on alcohol or drug, followed by penetrating craving and antisocial behavior to acquire the substance. The terms substance abuse and substance dependence refer to substance use disorder, which has been separated into three classifications as follows 1. Moderate Drinking the Dietary Guideline says 1 drink a day by women and 2 drinks for men. 2. Binge Drinking 5 or more alcoholic drinkRead MorePaper1098 Words   |  5 PagesMental and substance use disorders account for about 7 ·4% of the global burden of disease (Whiteford et al., 2013). These mental disorders include various mood disorders such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorders such as alcohol abuse. A study analysing the results of the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) surveys found that post-traumatic stress disorder had one of the strongest associationsRead MoreThe Dsm Iv : An Impulse Control Disorder1843 Words   |  8 PagesIn the DSM-IV, gambling disorder was classified as an impulse control disorder, a class of disorders characterized by the failure to resist a temptation, urge or impulse, placing it alongside such wide diagnoses as Compulsive Hair Pulling (Trichotillomania), Kleptomania and Pyromania. One of the most significant changes in the DSM-5 was the categorical re-classification of GD to a Substance-Related and Addictive Disorder. This was driven by a desire to be more scientific in determining appropriateRead MoreSchizophrenia The Challenging Mental Illness Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder characterized by the breakdown of the thought processes, of emotional responsiveness and of contact with reality. The term schizophrenia itself means â€Å"fragmented mind.† A person with this disorder has trouble with deciphering between what is â€Å"real† and what is â€Å"unreal†. (Gur Johnson, 2006) Symptoms of schizophrenia can be divided into five categories: psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms, cognitive impairment, mood problems, and behavioral

The Issues of Breast Cancer in Nigeria Essay - 1552 Words

â€Å"Mrs. Claire Anyanwu has visited her doctor everyday for the past week. She was at the convention last month. Women were encouraged to go for medical checkups. She was luckily diagnosed early enough to be treated of ‘mild breast lumps.’ It is an ailment that could lead to breast cancer. We are happy to see women respond to our awareness programs.† said Dr. Rosa Phil (1). In her article, Dr. Phil commends Mrs. Anyanwu for taking action against breast cancer as she recommends all women do the same. The issue of breast cancer is fast becoming a major one. There is a huge hole to be filled in the area of breast cancer awareness in Nigeria. An article posted in the ‘The Daily Trust’ titled, â€Å"Breast Cancer amongst us† claims â€Å"Nigeria is one of†¦show more content†¦The intelligent question is how much does Nigeria as a whole know about breast cancer? And also how much is the Nigerian system doing on educating Nigerians especially women about breast cancer? The WHO also states that 40% of breast cancer cases can be prevented. Therefore, wouldn’t awareness be one of the major solutions to breast cancer? If we agree that awareness is highly important, the details of breast cancer shouldn’t be an issue only to victims of breast cancer and the health sector but the Nigerian society as a whole. According to the general health report written by WHO on breast cancer, 18% of all breast cancer deaths worldwide are attributable to alcohol use, overweight poor daily diets and obesity and physical inactivity. This report also stated that physical inactivity was responsible for about 10% of breast cancer deaths. At this stage, the health sector comes in to play a great role. Doctors should try to emphasize the importance of exercise, healthy eating and moderate alcohol intake to all patients at hospitals. An article presented online by the WHO states: As part of the ongoing Black Womens Health Study, a recent research was particularly focused on foods that help lower the risk of estrogen receptor-negative (ER-negative) breast cancer, a type of breast cancer common among African women. But what was discovered was that many vegetables fight all forms of breast cancer, and even cancer in general. Additionally, womenShow MoreRelatedBreast Self Examination ( Bse )2327 Words   |  10 PagesBreast is a very vital portion of a female’s body. Breast problems and diseases alike carcinoma get distress and sorrow to women and most women would do everything in their capability to avoid its presence (Omoyeni, Oluwafeyikemi, Irinoye, 2014). According to American cancer society Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a set of cancer cells that can develop into (invade) near tissues or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the bodyRead MoreKnowledge, Attitude And Practice Regarding Breast Self Examination2440 Words   |  10 PagesKNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE REGARDING BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION (BSE) AMONG POST RN NURSING STUDENTS IN LAHORE (Proposal) Submitted By Gulshan Umbreen PBSN 02133037 Facilitator’s. Robina Kousar Preceptor: Mr. M. Shahid Riaz Subject: Senior Elective Community Health Nursing In partial fulfillment for the Degree of Post RN BSc Nursing The Lahore School of Nursing THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE 2013-2015 May 8, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3Read MoreWhat Are Cervical Cancer?2935 Words   |  12 Pages Abstract (TBD) Background: What is Cervical Cancer? This year alone approximately 12,360 documented new cases of cervical cancer in the United States and 4,020 deaths according to National Cancer Institute (â€Å"Cervical Cancer†, 2014). Cervical cancer is a slow growing cancer that grows in the tissues of the cervix (an organ that connects the uterus and vagina). The disease is predominantly caused by the human papillomavirus infection (HPV). According to the Center for Disease Control and PreventionRead MoreGenetic Privacy And The Human Genome Project1573 Words   |  7 Pagesdeaths occur in the United States annually (Willing 2006). That means every year, 40,000 people have families who remain unsure whether their missing loved ones are still alive. If the justice system had access to a national genetic database, this issue could be resolved; if all citizens could provide the justice system with samples of their DNA, criminal cases and missing persons cases could be solved at a more efficient rate. Furthermore, if doctors had access to every patient’s genetic informationRead MoreA Study On Obesity And Obesity3724 Words   |  15 Pagesgentledazy@gmail.com COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS KNOWLEDGE OF CAUSES, HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AND PREVENTION OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY: A GUIDE TO PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION. ABSTRACT Overweight and obesity are increasing globally even in developing nations. 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Interfaces of Strategic Leaders System - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Interfaces of Strategic Leaders System. Answer: Introduction: Strategy can be defined as a process or an effort that is made by individuals or team to achieve long term goals and objectives. Strategies are essentially the blue print or the route map of executing plans towards a particular destination (Slack, 2015). Among the finest qualities that must be possessed by a leader, perhaps the most important quality that a leader must possess is good strategic analysis. For a leader to be strategic it means that a leader must have curiosity towards the changing aspects of the society and analyze how the change in these aspects might impact on a particular organization or a business. Strategic leaders must possess the quality to ask and answer disruptive questions. Arguments are the prime subject of strategic analysis. A strategic leader maintains a balance within all the stakeholders and balances the interests of all stakeholders like investors, customers and the employees of the organization (Simsek, Heavey, Fox, 2018). Thus, to put simply, a leader possessing strategic quality must be capable to handle adverse situation, look out for positive aspects in extreme pessimistic situations, must be aware of personal strengths along with the strength and weakness of the team and identify the key reasons that de-motivate employees. On a broader perspective, it can be said that the strategies that a leader posses are turned into tactics by the leader to ensure the maximum benefit of the employees. Amongst the most important qualities that a strategic leader must possess is loyalty towards the company, judicious and unbiased use of power, having broadened outlook, motivating employees, compassionate towards employees etc. Leaders possessing strategic leading qualities are resource of any company. They are hugely responsible for the growth and inflation of any organizational sectors (Rothaermel, 2015). The contribution o0f the strategic leaders towards a business are as follows: Communication strategy: Any action taken for execution of work is the result of conversion of strategies. The leader explains the team the strategy, thus the team works according to it. Collaborating team members: Strategic leaders are able to collaborate the team members by the dint of strong collaboration skills and mould them preparing to march forward towards a common goal. The individual objectives are not counted here and the members are focused towards the organizational goal. Coordinating members: A strategic leader coordinates team members in the context of completion of complex projects. For instance, the strategic skills that are required to get a traditional project done, may not par with complex projects. The leader needs to apply new set of strategies to maintain team coordination and accomplish goals. Conflict management: Conflicts if not resolves may damage the very base of an organization. Strategic leaders using their communication and convincing skills manages and resolves conflicts so that internal conflicts do not harm projects. This in results in increased profit margins of any company. Reference List Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Simsek, Z., Heavey, C., Fox, B. C. (2018). Interfaces of Strategic Leaders: A Conceptual Framework, Review, and Research Agenda.Journal of Management,44(1), 280-324. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Domestic Violence Against Women free essay sample

Domestic Violence against Women as a Grave Threat to Society Domestic violence, or intimate partner violence as it is also referred, is a serious problem in today’s society. This paper will focus on physical violence and abuse against women, though other types of abuse exist. Despite new and emerging laws, advocates speaking out, and a slight decrease in overall reported domestic violence incidents, women are still victims. There are adverse effects to prolonged and/or severe abuse, not the least of which include mental and social disorders, physical illness, feelings of guilt and shame, suicide ideation and even homicide. Domestic abuse is a grave threat to society because it can be linked directly to all of these lifelong illnesses and even some crimes. Domestic violence against women is defined by the United Nations’ Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women as â€Å"physical, social, and/or psychological violence within the family, the community, and/or any violence that is condoned by the state† (Morgaine 2007). Domestic violence is not a new issue. It is present in every culture around the world and can be traced back through human existence. What is new is how this issue is being dealt with in society and by the government. The World Health Organization found in studies conducted in the late 1990s that one of every three women worldwide have been a victim of violence by a partner in an intimate relationship at some point in their lifetime (Nayak et al. 2003). This number is astounding. With violence and abuse toward women almost commonplace in intimate relationships, the question begs to be asked: What is being done to stop it? Since the 1970s, many laws have been amended or created to include more variables of abuse. Victims do not have to seek divorce or separation before they are granted help. Laws requiring an arrest if a claim of domestic abuse is made and police are called out to the scene have been passed and put into effect. Other laws and programs have been put into place in favor of the victim. They were created to help victims seek out help. In 1994, and in a reauthorization in 2000, the United States passed the Violence against Women Act. This act prompted a response by the legislature, resulting in â€Å"amended definitions, and expanded civil and criminal court remedies (Scott and Kunselman 2007). Social changes, such as the Civil Rights movement and women’s rights activists finally speaking out against domestic violence made the issue a concern of public health as well as an issue of basic human rights. The federal and state governments stepped in to try to curb domestic violence and provided various resources for victims in need. Shelters, hotlines and crisis centers emerged as safe havens for battered women (Rajan and McCloskey 2007). Finally, these women had some place to turn to for help. Despite these laws, however, violence against women is still a very big problem in the United States. Decree and relief from the violence are completely different things, unfortunately. Even though laws were put into place, law enforcement could only do so much. Often times, because of the laws, police were forced to arrest victims as well as the perpetrators because they had not witnessed the event. In other situations, the male was simply told to leave and regain composure before returning to the home, with no consequences enforced (Rajan and McCloskey 2007). These situations did not protect the victims, in fact, it left them quite vulnerable. In 1976, Pennsylvania passed the Pennsylvania Protection from Abuse Act. This act provided protective orders to all victims of intimate partner violence within the state of Pennsylvania. This began several years of reforms and new legal protections under the law (Rajan and McCloskey 2007). The system is not a safe fail, though. There has been a decrease in domestic violence in the last twenty years, but many abusers go unpunished. Without consequences, abusers and victims continue in the cycle of repeat abuse. In a study conducted in 2000, there showed to be approximately 908,000 victimizations against women each year between 1992 and 1999. From the study it was learned that 91% of the women surveyed had been victims of repeat abuse, that is five or more incidences within a six month period (Rand and Saltzman 2003). It really is no wonder then that battered and abused women suffer from mental and social disorders as a direct result from their ordeals. Abuse has severe and lifelong consequences even after the abuse stops. Negative, physical health problems in addition to death and physical injury, have been reported as follows: autoimmune diseases, chronic fatigue, chronic pain, gastrointestinal problems, heart disease, obesity, pulmonary problems, , severe headaches and/or migraines, sexually transmitted diseases, sleep disorders, somatic syndromes and an overall higher dependence on healthcare services. The psychological health problems related to intimate partner violence are depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. It has also been found that 51% of women who attempted suicide had a history of intimate partner violence (Renner and Markward 2009). Studies and research have shown a decline in intimate partner violence since the late 1980s and early 1990s (Morgaine 2007). In spite of this, a decline does not mean that the damage to these women in society has not already been done. These battered women are often left broken or as shadows of their former selves. Many suffer from the aforementioned physical and psychological disorders and cannot reacclimatize with society because of these conditions. Survivors may still be trying to come to terms with the damage years later and carry those physical and emotional scars with them for the rest of their lives. They may seek help, whether through professional counseling or legal prosecution of their abusers. The system has set up many resources and made them readily available, but mostly, victims of domestic abuse feel they are on their own. Many factors play a role in why a lot of abuse goes unreported and if and/or when a victim leaves an abusive relationship. Some victims fear further violence and loss of resources and shelter. This may lead a victim to stay in the relationship longer or even return to the abusive relationship (Brandi and Dawson 2011). Being forced to face the shame of being a victim and feelings of guilt also prevent women from reporting what was done to them. For some women, finding the strength to leave is the most important thing in the world to them. Once out of the situation, it is easier to forget and move on then face the exposure of a legal trial. It is this mentality of guilt, shame and fear felt by these victimized women that society does not understand. One study showed different preconceived ideas about what causes domestic violence and even what women do to deserve the abuse. Those ideas that ranked over . 50 in the survey included the ideas that 1) nagging lead to violence in the home, 2) women deserve to be beaten, 3) battered women’s actions cause their husbands to beat them, 4) a man is justified to beat his wife if she is unfaithful and 5) if women are obedient and take care of their husbands they would never get beaten (Nayak et al. 2003). Given these results, it is easy to see why victims feel so alone. A large portion of society blames the woman or believes that the violence could have been prevented in some way. A common question from non-battered women in society is â€Å"why didn’t she just leave? †. The answer to this, though not proven, is not that difficult to understand. A woman, who is being physically abused, is usually being emotionally abused and manipulated as well. A real threat of death may keep women from leaving. Resources may have been taken away from these women: money, cars, even jobs. They are usually isolated from the people that care about them. The abusers are their husbands, boyfriends, and significant others, oftentimes the only person left to love them. The abusive relationship is all they know. Domestic violence poses a grave threat to society because it can lead to further crime. Battered women may feel so trapped that there is no other way out than homicide. The homicide rate within intimate partner violence has dropped significantly in the last twenty five years due to increased public awareness and new policies, but it still exists (Dugan, Nagin, and Rosenfield 2003). Retaliation or feelings of being trapped lead some battered women to commit crimes they never would have before. Ironically, the resources that have been put into place to protect women from violence have actually played a crucial role in reducing the number of intimate partner homicides at the hands of victims. Studies have shown that regardless of whether there are resources available or not to help battered women, men’s violent tendencies stayed the same. This may seem to be a benefit to society, since homicide is being prevented, but it also shines light on something else. The laws that have been put into place need to be revised. Women are still unsafe and policy needs to be dramatically altered to deal with that (Dugan, Nagin, and Rosenfield 2003). If the government and society worked harder to accept domestic violence as not just a problem, but as a violation of human rights, as it is directly stated in the fourteenth amendment, these women might stand a chance. If nothing changes, one out of every three women will continue to be at risk of developing serious health problems, continuing to be exposed to violence, and getting so lost in the shuffle of the legal system that they take the law into their own hands.