I. Introduction/Background/Purpose/Hypothesis Essays - Catalysis

I. Introduction/Background/Purpose/Hypothesis: BACKROUND: An enzyme is a protein that controls the chemical reactions that take place in the body. Enzymes help by catalyzing (speeding up) the reaction and intern lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Molecules called substrates bind with enzymes during reactions. However each enzyme has a very specific purpose. The shape of the active site on the enzyme's outer layer determines that purpose, along with deciding which substrates can bind with that specific enzyme. The active site of the enzyme is the spot where the substrate binds in order for the reaction to occur. The bond formed by the enzyme and substrate is a noncovalent chemical bond that exists little more than a millisecond. However, while bonded the substrate undergoes a chemical change and is converted into the product of the reaction. While held together by this weak bond the enzyme-substrate complex is formed. When the reaction is over this complex breaks down and the product leaves the enzy me and is used by the cell. Then enzyme returns to the catalytic cycle unchanged and it waits to be used again. Any one enzyme may be used over a thousand times per second: in turn requiring very little amounts of enzyme to convert large amounts of substrate into product. Since they are used at such an extreme pace enzymes do wear out and denature. Cellular proteinases are what cause the denaturation of the enzyme. The enzyme is then changed into the most basic amino acids and is used to make other proteins. The balance of the following determines enzyme amount: the process, which degrade the enzyme, and the processes that synthesize the enzyme. If a chemical reaction requires an enzyme to occur and none are present, than the rate of the reaction is very slow. However, if the amount of enzyme concentration is increased in a chemical equation than the catabolic rate is also increased. PURPOSE: The experiment we are going to investigate is meant to determine the effects of temperature on the activity of the enzyme. We will test temperatures ranging from 4?C to 48?C to find out if extreme temperatures either increase or decrease enzyme activity. Four different compounds will be tested, each having a different temperature, in order to determine what, if any, affect those temperatures will have on the enzyme activity. Comparing the color change in the substances will monitor enzyme activity. These color changes will be observed according to their absorbency of light. The absorbency will be monitored using a spectrophometer. Each compound will be tested several times to get an average set of data. This is done in order to avoid skewed results. All raw data will be recorded in table 1.1, and displayed by a graph. The averages will be recorded in table 1.2 and then displayed in there own graph. The averages will be used to get standard deviations. Those figures will be d isplayed in table 1.3 and also displayed in a graph. HYPOTHESIS: Enzyme activity will be increased as the temperature changes. However, at the extreme temperatures the enzyme activity will decrease. One thing should be kept in mind however, this experiment uses peroxidase as its enzyme, but every enzyme has a different optimal temperatures. II. Materials/Method: MATERIALS: 9 test tubes, 2 hot water baths (one at 32?C and one at 48?C), Refrigerator, 30 ml guaiacol, 30ml H2O2, 30ml turnip extract, 30ml of Ph5 stock solution, spectrophometer, micro-pipet, roller pipet, 2 test tubes racks, 2 cuvets, cuvet rack, kim wipes, timer, gloves and goggles, distilled water, micro-pipet tips, sharpie METHOD: 1) Pre-incubate water baths to correct temperatures 2) Label test tubes 1-9 with Sharpie marker 3) Mix test tubes according to table 4.3 on page 4-9 of lab manual 4) Calibrate spectrophometer, according to directions given on page4-5 figure4.3, using test tube number 1 (the control) 5) Mix test tubes 2 & 3 and record absorbency every twenty seconds for 2 minutes. (be sure to start timing as soon as test tubes are mixed being mixed) 6) Mix test tubes 4 & 5 and record absorbency every twenty seconds for 2 minutes. (be sure to start timing as soon as test tubes are mixed being mixed) 7) Mix test tubes 6 & 7 and record absorbency every twenty seconds for

How Mark Anthony manipulates the crowd after the death of Julius Caesar Essay Example

How Mark Anthony manipulates the crowd after the death of Julius Caesar Essay Example How Mark Anthony manipulates the crowd after the death of Julius Caesar Paper How Mark Anthony manipulates the crowd after the death of Julius Caesar Paper Essay Topic: Julius Caesar Shakespeares play Julius Caesar is a play which elucidates many themes such as ambition, jealousy, tragedy, honour and integrity. It was written between the period 1597 and 1600 AD. The play is based upon actual events which took place in Rome over two millenniums ago. At the beginning of the play Shakespeare illustrates how Julius Caesar, following a successful campaign, returns to Rome and is offered the crown. He further explains that Cassius, a senior member of the senate, fearing for the republic, heads a conspiracy to murder Caesar. As the play continues, Cassius manages to invite many to aid his cause amongst whom was Brutus, a high-ranked member of the senate. The outcome of the conspiracy led to the death of Caesar in the capitol whilst the latter was totally unaware of the conspiracy. Following the death of Caesar, Brutus confronts the citizens of Rome and explains to them how his involvement in the conspiracy was for a pure and sincere intention and not to commit a cruel act of injustice. The aftermath of this speech was the consolation of the public and their total appreciation of this noble act. Concluding his speech, Brutus attempting to fully reassure the crowd, requested Mark Anthony to add a few words in appreciation of what he had just done. Anthony was a close companion of Caesar so his approval of the conspiracy would be very valuable in proving to the public the righteousness of the act. However Anthony, either for his own benefit or for justice, spoke against the conspiracy. This speech was highly effective and probably the turning point of the entire play. It was the reason for war and the reason for vengeance being taken. Anthonys powerful speech confines the true essence of politics and how orating influences are greater than any physical appliances or mannerisms to deter a people. During the following essay I shall attempt to analyse how Anthonys speech was influential and how he found it easier to appeal to emotion rather than reasoning to manipulate the citizens. Anthonys speech was a lot more subtle that that of Brutus. He uses more indirect methods to manipulate the crowd. He was able to read the mood of the audience whilst he was addressing them. He also paused three times during his speech, causing suspense, which consequently added to the drama that he wanted to create. In addition he even lied and pretended just so that he could gain the interests of his audience. Anthonys tone of speech varied as he spoke. This can be observed from the different attitudes portrayed in the manner in which he spoke. By varying his tone of voice, Anthony would be able to gain the interest of his audience, whereas if it were monotonous, the speech would sound boring. The opening few words of a speech are always important in drawing the attention of the audience. Anthony addresses the citizens as Friends, Romans, countrymen (Act 3: Scene 2) in contrast to Brutus who addressed them as Romans, countrymen and lovers. This variance, although slight, shows a major contrast in the attitudes of Brutus and Anthony. Brutus clearly demonstrates that his love for Rome is greater than any affection of an individual or close relation. Even in his statement Not that I lovd Caser less but that I lovd Rome more. (Act 3: Scene 2) it is evident of his keenness in the development of Rome over any prejudice feeling which would oppose a peaceful and blissful future in Rome. On the contrary, Mark Anthony firstly appeals to those who have close relationship with him and then mentions the Romans and countrymen who are insignificant in comparison to those whom are loved and revered. This is a clause leading to his true intention to establish that emotions and intimacy should be considered before the betterment of the state. So Anthony, in reality, is trying to appeal to the emotions of the crowd rather than, like Brutus, appeal to the love of the crowd for Rome and their home. Immediately after receiving the attention of the crowd, Anthony, carefully considering the mood of the audience, claims I come to bury Caesar not to praise him (Act 3: Scene 2). The public, after listening to Brutus, were fully reassured by the virtue of Caesars death. Furthermore the crowd, as one plebeian confirmed, felt that speaking ill of Brutus would be inappropriate and would initiate the audiences wrath and displeasure. Anthony understood this and therefore decided to take a more subtle approach in degrading Brutus and his conspiracy. As the speech progresses Anthony repetitively mentions the nobility and honour of Brutus and those that assisted him in the murder of Caesar. However Anthonys true intent was not to dignify Brutus and the other conspirators, rather to debase them. Anthony does this by making honour appear as a deterrent to seeing the good actions of an individual. He mentions honour alongside the killing of a man who brought many captives home, hath wept and thrice refused the crown. This technique that Anthony used was very effective as can be observed from the proclamation of one of the plebeians that They were traitors: honourable men? Then, after mentioning the virtues of Caesar, Anthony condemns the belief of anybody who said that Caesar was ambitious because Ambition should be made of sterner stuff (Act 3: Scene 2). Also the rhetorical question was this ambition? is very effective because Caesars greatness was just mentioned and by seeing Caesar in a bias way, as Anthony portrayed him, it becomes obvious that Caesar would not be ambitious. Thereafter appealing again to the sympathy of the crowd Anthony states Bear with me, my heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, and I must pause till it come back to me. By saying this Anthony demonstrates to the crowd how he was greatly moved by Caesars demise. The audience would obviously think highly of Anthony because, unlike Brutus, Anthony has feelings which are for him unbearable to suppress. The crowds appreciation of this quality of Anthony can be further observed by a plebeians claim that Poor soul, his eyes are red as fire with weeping (Act 3: Scene 2). In addition some of the assertions made by the plebeians indicate their approval of what he had to say, for instance one of them said Methinks he has much reasoning in his saying (Act 3: Scene 2). Later Anthony turns the speech onto a fabricated will. This will was a deceitful lie which the crowd were instantly attracted to and eager to hear their share. This lie demonstrates how fickle the crowd are because they are now more willing to believe in Anthonys integrity. They did not pause to reflect whether the will is genuine or not as this may lead to doubts which will consequently lead to the will not being read out and therefore no one being the recipient of the seventy five drachmas promised. At first, Anthony does not read to them the will even after the constant pleas of the crowd. This is indicative of the fact that he only fabricated the will as bait because he wanted to hold them in suspense and keep them enthralled in whatever he had to say. He asks the crowd Will you be patient? Will you stay awhile? He does this in order to calm the crowd so that he could gain their attention. Furthermore Anthony remarks I fear I wrong the honourable men whose dagger have stabbed Caesar: I do fear it Anthony pretends to feel guilty. This makes the crowd trust him more because they feel that he is innocence and is speaking for justice and not for power. Shortly afterwards Anthony explains why he doesnt read the will straightaway. He says You are not wood, you are not stone but men: and being men hearing the will of Caesar, it will inflame you. Here Anthony, very cleverly, flatters the crowd. The reason why these words are so effective is because of its contradiction to those words of Marullus, who at the beginning of the play addressed the citizens as You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things (Act 1: Scene 1), referring to their fickleness and stupidity. By saying this, Anthony gains the trust and affection of his audience. With Caesars body at his side, Anthony affectionately explains to the crowd You all do know this mantle, I remember the first time ever Caesar put it on, twas on a summers evening in his tent. (Act 3: Scene 2) By saying this again Anthony would seem like a very sensitive and caring man, which everybody adores. Another notable way in which Anthony gets the trust of the audience is by showing that he knew the most intricate details of the incident. He says Look in this place ran Cassius dagger through: see what a rent the envious Casca made: through this the well beloved Brutus stabbed. By pretending he knows the order in which Caesar was stabbed, Anthony would be confident that he has the trust of his audience because the crowd would think that he knows all the facts and thus is in a better position to make a judgement. Furthermore Anthony refers to Brutus as being beloved and Caesars angel, which would make the audience feel great animosity towards Brutus, who although so dear to Caesar, betrayed him. From this, it can be understood clearly that Anthony is appealing to the emotions of the citizens and not logical reasoning to rebel against the conspirators. To show his innocence and his pure intention to stand for justice, Anthony claims I am no orator as Brutus is; but a plain blunt man I have neither writ nor words, nor worth, action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech, to stir mens blood. (Act 3: Scene ) Judging from this, the crowd may have deduced that Anthony is more reliable than Brutus because his speech was directly from the heart and not because he had the power of speech as did Brutus. He would also appear as an innocent man who wishes nothing except justice to prevail. Moreover the citizens would feel as though Anthony is not a member of the senate, nor involved in politics but one of them. This gives them an added sense of empathy towards Anthony, because if he is accepted as one of them, they would think of him as a friend who just wants sympathy rather than a senior member of the senate who would need to be treated with respect and honour. Concluding his mutiny against Brutus and the others who conspired against Caesar, Anthony says And bid them speak to me: but were I Brutus, and Brutus Anthony, there were an Anthony would ruffle up your spirits, and put a tongue in every wound of Caesar, that should move the stones of Rome, to rise and mutiny. (Act 3: Scene 2). By saying this, Anthony is able to give the crowd a final hint of encouragement to rise and mutiny. Unlike the way he began his speech, by glorify the conspirators; he ends it by mentioning their wickedness and evilness. He tells them that if he had the consciousness of Brutus, he would curse Caesar only for power, due to lustful greed and passion. Again Anthonys innocence would be authenticated because he compares himself to the wickedness of Marcus Brutus. The people of Rome were extremely fickle and easily manipulated. They did not understand the world of politics and how much power they held as citizens of Rome. However there were members of the senate who had great political acumen. They possessed superb understanding of politics. They could very easily influence and change the hearts of an entire nation. Although Mark Anthony was not considered as one of them, after the death of Caesar, Anthonys insight in the field of politics was recognised. He managed to, very cleverly, manipulate the crowd into believing that the murder of Caesar was an immoral act of injustice and the conspirators only acted out of jealousy and envy for Caesars power. Mark Anthonys speech highlights the fickleness of human beings and how they are easily swayed by the eloquence of speech. The techniques used by Mark Anthony are still being displayed today by contemporary politicians. These techniques are highly effective as Shakespeare shows in Julius Caesar.

How our lifestyle can affect and is affecting our Environment Essay

How our lifestyle can affect and is affecting our Environment - Essay Example This paper analyses how our life styles are affecting our environment. Air pollution, water pollution, generation of hazardous waste, and noise pollution are some of the major environmental problems caused by industries (Industrial Pollution, p.87). Majority of the industries emit harmful gases into the atmosphere which is causing atmospheric pollution. When living things forced to breath these toxic gases, various types of diseases may develop among living things including humans. Increased use of fertilizers, chemicals, and pesticides in agricultural fields is causing huge water pollution. When rain water flows through such agricultural fields, unused, fertilizers and chemicals will dissolve in the water and pollute it. people who use such water for drinking purpose may develop severe health problems. Nuclear power plants are constructed on a large scale at present in order to solve the energy crisis. The nuclear wastes produced from such nuclear power plants are dumping into the sea and other places. These nuclear wastes have the ability to liberate harmful radiations for thousands of years and cancer like health problems can be increased because of that. Heavy machineries are normally operating inside the factories. These machineries can generate huge noises which can generate noise pollution. Automobiles also can generate noise pollution.... Hydrocarbon emissions result when fuel molecules in the engine do not burn or burn only partially. Hydrocarbons react in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, a major component of smog. Ozone irritates the eyes, damages the lungs, and aggravates respiratory problems. It is our most widespread and intractable urban air pollution problem. A number of exhaust hydrocarbons are also toxic, with the potential to cause cancer (Automobile Emissions: An Overview, p.2) The emissions from automobiles are causing severe threats to the atmosphere. Majority of the gases emitted by the automobiles are causing atmospheric pollution and other problems. Deforestation is another major manmade environmental problem. Trees absorb the dangerous carbon dioxide from atmosphere and liberate more useful oxygen to the atmosphere. In other words, dense forests which provide us fresh air or oxygen for breathing have given way for industrial units which liberates toxic gases to the environment. In other words the protectors of environment given way for the destructors of the environment. It should be noted that deforestation can cause climatic changes also. Refrigerators and air conditioners are essential things for the modern generation. People keep a blind eye towards the fact that these modern equipment are liberating CFC into the atmosphere which is capable of destroying the ozone protection above the atmosphere. Ozone covering above the atmosphere is necessary to prevent harmful radiations reaching on earth from sun and other stars. Reports from the European press states that Soviet Union is secretly dumping nuclear reactors and radioactive waste into the bordering seas (Rao, p.1). Nuclear waste disposal is another major environmental