Diagnosis And Classification Of Substance Use Disorders

Overview This thesis describes Phase IV Randomised Clinical Trial performed with the objective of personalising treatment for patients receiving Suboxone ® (Buprenorphine/Naloxone) for their Opioid Use Disorders (OUD). The trial is given an acronym of S.T.A.R.T standing for â€Å"Suboxone Treatment and Recovery Trial†. The trial attempts to study the impact of integrating therapeutic drug monitoring of Buprenorphine/Naloxone (BNX) with psychosocial concepts in patient management during the outpatient phase. S.T.A.R.T composes of several domains taking into account clinical intervention, and health economics and return on investment of treatment. This thesis details the components of the clinical commencing with an initial 4-week inpatient†¦show more content†¦2. ‘Moderate’, being associated with the presence of at least 4-5 symptoms. 3. ‘Severe’, being associated with the presence of 6 or more symptoms. This alternation in the DSM-5 might contribute to extending treatment to patients diagnosed with SUD and not limit treatment to those with higher severity i.e. ‘Substance Dependence’ described under DSM-IV TR. In this context, identifying recovery and treatment outcomes i.e. what treatment is trying to achieve may contribute to strengthening the response to SUD. In fact, ‘recovery’ from SUD is a challenging concept to define, and limiting recovery to abstinence was described as a ‘false debate’ by Boardman and Slade (2008). A comprehensive understanding of what is expected from treatment has led to an operational definition of recovery to â€Å"voluntary abstinence† from substance use with psychiatric, psychological, social and spiritual health along with maintaining â€Å"good citizenship† [Betty Ford Consensus Panel, 2007]. It is important to no te that maintaining and sustaining recovery outcomes are the most challenging. Patients who do not meet any of the diagnostic criteria, with the exception of â€Å"strong urge to use or craving† for at-least 3 months, are considered to be in early remission. If this period extends to 12 months, patients are considered in sustained remission. In this connection, it is important to identify the type and level of care the patient is receiving, i.e. whether theShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pages1.) Alcohol is a nervous system depressant and is the most commonly used and abused drug in the united states. Classification is withdrawal, tolerance, and craving. Route of administrated for alcohol is swallowed through the mouth, eaten or drinking, chewed and absorbed through the lining of the mouth. Physical and Psychological Alcohol contains blackouts, liver disease, depression, Loss of appetite, behavior change, and physical damage to the brain. Symptoms of withdrawals may occur fromRead MoreSubstance Use And Mental Health Problems1630 Words   |  7 Pages Substance use is very common among people diagnosed with mental illness. This paper will examine the results of four studies by Shi (2014) and by Ortiz-Gomez et al. (2014), Marmorstien (2010) and Green et al. All of these studies examine substance use among individuals diagnosed with depression. In conducting a study Shi (2014) examined the relationship between marijuana and depression. Shi (2014) examined the risk and quit behavior among adults living with depression or a serious psychologicalRead MoreOutline and Evaluate Issues Surrounding the Classification and Diagnosis of Depression1051 Words   |  5 PagesOutline and Evaluate Issues Surrounding the Classification and Diagnosis of Depression Scheff’s Labelling Theory is a process which involves labelling people with mental disorders when they produce behaviour that does not fit with socially constructed norms and labelling those who reflect stereotyped or stigmatized behaviour of the ‘mentally ill’. A disadvantage of labelling an individual with depression is that labelling can accentuate and prolong the issue. In addition by labelling someoneRead MoreDiagnostic And Statistical Manual ( Dsm V )829 Words   |  4 Pagesand International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), World Health Organization (WHO) (1995) are two similar systems (though not identical) which clinicians use to offer dependence diagnosing criteria by objectively identifying substance misuse and mental health disorder. According to Cooper (2011) dual diagnosis, co-morbidity, co-existence or co-occurring are terms used to identify the combination of substance use and mental health problems. (SOURCE) states that dual diagnosis, co-mo rbidity, co-existenceRead MoreThe Three Main Types Of Eating Disorders1305 Words   |  6 PagesEating Disorders The three main types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating, are complex pschyatriac disorders. The classification and diagnosis of each disorder is challenging because diagnostic symptoms and behaviours overlap. These disorders consist of various biological, psychological and sociological factors. They frequently coexist with other illnesses such as depression, substance abuse, or anxiety disorders. (ANAD) Eating disorders are commonly associatedRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Deep Rooted Sickness1527 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder is a deep rooted sickness. Scenes of lunacy and depression in the long run can happen again in the event that you don t get treatment. Numerous individuals infrequently keep on having manifestations, even in the wake of getting treatment for their bipolar issue. Some types of bipolar issue are: Bipolar I disorder involves periods of severe mood episodes from mania to depression. Bipolar II issue is a milder type o f state of mind height, including milder scenes of hypomania thatRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Substance Use Disorder998 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Diagnostic Statistic Manual 5 (DSM-5) substance use disorder is when the individual has a dependency on alcohol or drug, followed by penetrating craving and antisocial behavior to acquire the substance. The terms substance abuse and substance dependence refer to substance use disorder, which has been separated into three classifications as follows 1. Moderate Drinking the Dietary Guideline says 1 drink a day by women and 2 drinks for men. 2. Binge Drinking 5 or more alcoholic drinkRead MorePaper1098 Words   |  5 PagesMental and substance use disorders account for about 7 ·4% of the global burden of disease (Whiteford et al., 2013). These mental disorders include various mood disorders such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorders such as alcohol abuse. A study analysing the results of the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) surveys found that post-traumatic stress disorder had one of the strongest associationsRead MoreThe Dsm Iv : An Impulse Control Disorder1843 Words   |  8 PagesIn the DSM-IV, gambling disorder was classified as an impulse control disorder, a class of disorders characterized by the failure to resist a temptation, urge or impulse, placing it alongside such wide diagnoses as Compulsive Hair Pulling (Trichotillomania), Kleptomania and Pyromania. One of the most significant changes in the DSM-5 was the categorical re-classification of GD to a Substance-Related and Addictive Disorder. This was driven by a desire to be more scientific in determining appropriateRead MoreSchizophrenia The Challenging Mental Illness Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder characterized by the breakdown of the thought processes, of emotional responsiveness and of contact with reality. The term schizophrenia itself means â€Å"fragmented mind.† A person with this disorder has trouble with deciphering between what is â€Å"real† and what is â€Å"unreal†. (Gur Johnson, 2006) Symptoms of schizophrenia can be divided into five categories: psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms, cognitive impairment, mood problems, and behavioral

The Issues of Breast Cancer in Nigeria Essay - 1552 Words

â€Å"Mrs. Claire Anyanwu has visited her doctor everyday for the past week. She was at the convention last month. Women were encouraged to go for medical checkups. She was luckily diagnosed early enough to be treated of ‘mild breast lumps.’ It is an ailment that could lead to breast cancer. We are happy to see women respond to our awareness programs.† said Dr. Rosa Phil (1). In her article, Dr. Phil commends Mrs. Anyanwu for taking action against breast cancer as she recommends all women do the same. The issue of breast cancer is fast becoming a major one. There is a huge hole to be filled in the area of breast cancer awareness in Nigeria. An article posted in the ‘The Daily Trust’ titled, â€Å"Breast Cancer amongst us† claims â€Å"Nigeria is one of†¦show more content†¦The intelligent question is how much does Nigeria as a whole know about breast cancer? And also how much is the Nigerian system doing on educating Nigerians especially women about breast cancer? The WHO also states that 40% of breast cancer cases can be prevented. Therefore, wouldn’t awareness be one of the major solutions to breast cancer? If we agree that awareness is highly important, the details of breast cancer shouldn’t be an issue only to victims of breast cancer and the health sector but the Nigerian society as a whole. According to the general health report written by WHO on breast cancer, 18% of all breast cancer deaths worldwide are attributable to alcohol use, overweight poor daily diets and obesity and physical inactivity. This report also stated that physical inactivity was responsible for about 10% of breast cancer deaths. At this stage, the health sector comes in to play a great role. Doctors should try to emphasize the importance of exercise, healthy eating and moderate alcohol intake to all patients at hospitals. An article presented online by the WHO states: As part of the ongoing Black Womens Health Study, a recent research was particularly focused on foods that help lower the risk of estrogen receptor-negative (ER-negative) breast cancer, a type of breast cancer common among African women. But what was discovered was that many vegetables fight all forms of breast cancer, and even cancer in general. Additionally, womenShow MoreRelatedBreast Self Examination ( Bse )2327 Words   |  10 PagesBreast is a very vital portion of a female’s body. Breast problems and diseases alike carcinoma get distress and sorrow to women and most women would do everything in their capability to avoid its presence (Omoyeni, Oluwafeyikemi, Irinoye, 2014). According to American cancer society Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a set of cancer cells that can develop into (invade) near tissues or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the bodyRead MoreKnowledge, Attitude And Practice Regarding Breast Self Examination2440 Words   |  10 PagesKNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE REGARDING BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION (BSE) AMONG POST RN NURSING STUDENTS IN LAHORE (Proposal) Submitted By Gulshan Umbreen PBSN 02133037 Facilitator’s. Robina Kousar Preceptor: Mr. M. Shahid Riaz Subject: Senior Elective Community Health Nursing In partial fulfillment for the Degree of Post RN BSc Nursing The Lahore School of Nursing THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE 2013-2015 May 8, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3Read MoreWhat Are Cervical Cancer?2935 Words   |  12 Pages Abstract (TBD) Background: What is Cervical Cancer? This year alone approximately 12,360 documented new cases of cervical cancer in the United States and 4,020 deaths according to National Cancer Institute (â€Å"Cervical Cancer†, 2014). Cervical cancer is a slow growing cancer that grows in the tissues of the cervix (an organ that connects the uterus and vagina). The disease is predominantly caused by the human papillomavirus infection (HPV). According to the Center for Disease Control and PreventionRead MoreGenetic Privacy And The Human Genome Project1573 Words   |  7 Pagesdeaths occur in the United States annually (Willing 2006). That means every year, 40,000 people have families who remain unsure whether their missing loved ones are still alive. If the justice system had access to a national genetic database, this issue could be resolved; if all citizens could provide the justice system with samples of their DNA, criminal cases and missing persons cases could be solved at a more efficient rate. Furthermore, if doctors had access to every patient’s genetic informationRead MoreA Study On Obesity And Obesity3724 Words   |  15 Pagesgentledazy@gmail.com COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS KNOWLEDGE OF CAUSES, HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AND PREVENTION OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY: A GUIDE TO PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION. ABSTRACT Overweight and obesity are increasing globally even in developing nations. Nigeria currently does not have national figures on overweight and obesity in adults and adolescents. This shows that it is not yet seen as a priority despite the associated risks. Public health interventions need to be on ground to battle this problem andRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Global Health Issues.2567 Words   |  11 PagesHealth Issues. Despite the fact that a significant improvement has been made in medical treatment, global health is still a serious issue that needs addressing. One aspect of this is widespread diseases, which have been threatening nations all around the world, bringing about a number of problematic effects. Furthermore, developing countries are at a disadvantage in terms of reacting to these illnesses due to their high level of poverty and shortage of education. In particular, cancer, AIDS, andRead MorePlanned Parenthood Federation Of America Essay1767 Words   |  8 Pagescenters in the United States, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Peru, Nigeria, South Sudan, Senegal, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, Sudan, Nicaragua, and Kenya. Planned Parenthood helps over five million patients a year: most of the patients are impoverished and more than a quarter of the patients are under the age of nineteen years old. According to a latest yearly report, the organization supplied around 860,000 screenings a year for breast an d cervical cancer. They also issued nearly 4.5 million examinations and medicalRead MoreInternational Demographic Paper : Italy2748 Words   |  11 Pagesis the 72nd largest country. Italy’s border countries are Austria, France, Vatican City, San Marino, Slovenia, and Switzerland. Italy’s main natural hazard is volcanoes. Italy’s main environmental issue is the pollution of the air caused by industrial emissions. Some of the consequences of those issues are: sulfur dioxide, acid rain and insufficient industrial waste treatment. Italy has many ethnic groups, such as: German, French, and Slovene-Italians. Over 50% of Italy practices Christianity andRead MoreImpact of Radio and Television Advertising on Consumer Behaviour Special Referance on Consumer Durable Goods5906 Words   |  24 Pages  ale,  barley wine | Scotch whisky,  Irish whiskey,  shÃ… chÃ… « (mugijÃ… chÃ… «)  (Japan) | rye | rye beer,  kvass | rye whiskey,  vodka  (Poland),  Korn  (Germany) | corn | chicha,  corn beer,  tesguino | Bourbon whiskey; and  vodka  (rarely) | sorghum | burukutu  (Nigeria),  pito  (Ghana),  merisa  (southern Sudan),  bilibili  (Chad, Central African Republic, Cameroon) | maotai,  gaoliang, certain other types of  baijiu  (China). | wheat | wheat beer | horilka  (Ukraine),  vodka, wheat  whisky, weizenkorn (Germany) | riceRead MoreThe Health Problem Of Hiv / Aids2353 Words   |  10 Pagesadult HIV prevalence of at least 10%. In terms of raw HIV case numbers, South Africa has largest population existing with HIV (6.3 million), followed by Nigeria (3.2 million), and India (2.1 million) by the end of 2013. South Africa s large population of HIV-positive people is attributable to its high disease prevalence (17.3%), second neither Nigeria (3.7%) nor India (0.3%) respectively. Other than their high population of HIV-positive people is an object of very large national populations -- 174

Interfaces of Strategic Leaders System - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Interfaces of Strategic Leaders System. Answer: Introduction: Strategy can be defined as a process or an effort that is made by individuals or team to achieve long term goals and objectives. Strategies are essentially the blue print or the route map of executing plans towards a particular destination (Slack, 2015). Among the finest qualities that must be possessed by a leader, perhaps the most important quality that a leader must possess is good strategic analysis. For a leader to be strategic it means that a leader must have curiosity towards the changing aspects of the society and analyze how the change in these aspects might impact on a particular organization or a business. Strategic leaders must possess the quality to ask and answer disruptive questions. Arguments are the prime subject of strategic analysis. A strategic leader maintains a balance within all the stakeholders and balances the interests of all stakeholders like investors, customers and the employees of the organization (Simsek, Heavey, Fox, 2018). Thus, to put simply, a leader possessing strategic quality must be capable to handle adverse situation, look out for positive aspects in extreme pessimistic situations, must be aware of personal strengths along with the strength and weakness of the team and identify the key reasons that de-motivate employees. On a broader perspective, it can be said that the strategies that a leader posses are turned into tactics by the leader to ensure the maximum benefit of the employees. Amongst the most important qualities that a strategic leader must possess is loyalty towards the company, judicious and unbiased use of power, having broadened outlook, motivating employees, compassionate towards employees etc. Leaders possessing strategic leading qualities are resource of any company. They are hugely responsible for the growth and inflation of any organizational sectors (Rothaermel, 2015). The contribution o0f the strategic leaders towards a business are as follows: Communication strategy: Any action taken for execution of work is the result of conversion of strategies. The leader explains the team the strategy, thus the team works according to it. Collaborating team members: Strategic leaders are able to collaborate the team members by the dint of strong collaboration skills and mould them preparing to march forward towards a common goal. The individual objectives are not counted here and the members are focused towards the organizational goal. Coordinating members: A strategic leader coordinates team members in the context of completion of complex projects. For instance, the strategic skills that are required to get a traditional project done, may not par with complex projects. The leader needs to apply new set of strategies to maintain team coordination and accomplish goals. Conflict management: Conflicts if not resolves may damage the very base of an organization. Strategic leaders using their communication and convincing skills manages and resolves conflicts so that internal conflicts do not harm projects. This in results in increased profit margins of any company. Reference List Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Simsek, Z., Heavey, C., Fox, B. C. (2018). Interfaces of Strategic Leaders: A Conceptual Framework, Review, and Research Agenda.Journal of Management,44(1), 280-324. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Domestic Violence Against Women free essay sample

Domestic Violence against Women as a Grave Threat to Society Domestic violence, or intimate partner violence as it is also referred, is a serious problem in today’s society. This paper will focus on physical violence and abuse against women, though other types of abuse exist. Despite new and emerging laws, advocates speaking out, and a slight decrease in overall reported domestic violence incidents, women are still victims. There are adverse effects to prolonged and/or severe abuse, not the least of which include mental and social disorders, physical illness, feelings of guilt and shame, suicide ideation and even homicide. Domestic abuse is a grave threat to society because it can be linked directly to all of these lifelong illnesses and even some crimes. Domestic violence against women is defined by the United Nations’ Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women as â€Å"physical, social, and/or psychological violence within the family, the community, and/or any violence that is condoned by the state† (Morgaine 2007). Domestic violence is not a new issue. It is present in every culture around the world and can be traced back through human existence. What is new is how this issue is being dealt with in society and by the government. The World Health Organization found in studies conducted in the late 1990s that one of every three women worldwide have been a victim of violence by a partner in an intimate relationship at some point in their lifetime (Nayak et al. 2003). This number is astounding. With violence and abuse toward women almost commonplace in intimate relationships, the question begs to be asked: What is being done to stop it? Since the 1970s, many laws have been amended or created to include more variables of abuse. Victims do not have to seek divorce or separation before they are granted help. Laws requiring an arrest if a claim of domestic abuse is made and police are called out to the scene have been passed and put into effect. Other laws and programs have been put into place in favor of the victim. They were created to help victims seek out help. In 1994, and in a reauthorization in 2000, the United States passed the Violence against Women Act. This act prompted a response by the legislature, resulting in â€Å"amended definitions, and expanded civil and criminal court remedies (Scott and Kunselman 2007). Social changes, such as the Civil Rights movement and women’s rights activists finally speaking out against domestic violence made the issue a concern of public health as well as an issue of basic human rights. The federal and state governments stepped in to try to curb domestic violence and provided various resources for victims in need. Shelters, hotlines and crisis centers emerged as safe havens for battered women (Rajan and McCloskey 2007). Finally, these women had some place to turn to for help. Despite these laws, however, violence against women is still a very big problem in the United States. Decree and relief from the violence are completely different things, unfortunately. Even though laws were put into place, law enforcement could only do so much. Often times, because of the laws, police were forced to arrest victims as well as the perpetrators because they had not witnessed the event. In other situations, the male was simply told to leave and regain composure before returning to the home, with no consequences enforced (Rajan and McCloskey 2007). These situations did not protect the victims, in fact, it left them quite vulnerable. In 1976, Pennsylvania passed the Pennsylvania Protection from Abuse Act. This act provided protective orders to all victims of intimate partner violence within the state of Pennsylvania. This began several years of reforms and new legal protections under the law (Rajan and McCloskey 2007). The system is not a safe fail, though. There has been a decrease in domestic violence in the last twenty years, but many abusers go unpunished. Without consequences, abusers and victims continue in the cycle of repeat abuse. In a study conducted in 2000, there showed to be approximately 908,000 victimizations against women each year between 1992 and 1999. From the study it was learned that 91% of the women surveyed had been victims of repeat abuse, that is five or more incidences within a six month period (Rand and Saltzman 2003). It really is no wonder then that battered and abused women suffer from mental and social disorders as a direct result from their ordeals. Abuse has severe and lifelong consequences even after the abuse stops. Negative, physical health problems in addition to death and physical injury, have been reported as follows: autoimmune diseases, chronic fatigue, chronic pain, gastrointestinal problems, heart disease, obesity, pulmonary problems, , severe headaches and/or migraines, sexually transmitted diseases, sleep disorders, somatic syndromes and an overall higher dependence on healthcare services. The psychological health problems related to intimate partner violence are depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. It has also been found that 51% of women who attempted suicide had a history of intimate partner violence (Renner and Markward 2009). Studies and research have shown a decline in intimate partner violence since the late 1980s and early 1990s (Morgaine 2007). In spite of this, a decline does not mean that the damage to these women in society has not already been done. These battered women are often left broken or as shadows of their former selves. Many suffer from the aforementioned physical and psychological disorders and cannot reacclimatize with society because of these conditions. Survivors may still be trying to come to terms with the damage years later and carry those physical and emotional scars with them for the rest of their lives. They may seek help, whether through professional counseling or legal prosecution of their abusers. The system has set up many resources and made them readily available, but mostly, victims of domestic abuse feel they are on their own. Many factors play a role in why a lot of abuse goes unreported and if and/or when a victim leaves an abusive relationship. Some victims fear further violence and loss of resources and shelter. This may lead a victim to stay in the relationship longer or even return to the abusive relationship (Brandi and Dawson 2011). Being forced to face the shame of being a victim and feelings of guilt also prevent women from reporting what was done to them. For some women, finding the strength to leave is the most important thing in the world to them. Once out of the situation, it is easier to forget and move on then face the exposure of a legal trial. It is this mentality of guilt, shame and fear felt by these victimized women that society does not understand. One study showed different preconceived ideas about what causes domestic violence and even what women do to deserve the abuse. Those ideas that ranked over . 50 in the survey included the ideas that 1) nagging lead to violence in the home, 2) women deserve to be beaten, 3) battered women’s actions cause their husbands to beat them, 4) a man is justified to beat his wife if she is unfaithful and 5) if women are obedient and take care of their husbands they would never get beaten (Nayak et al. 2003). Given these results, it is easy to see why victims feel so alone. A large portion of society blames the woman or believes that the violence could have been prevented in some way. A common question from non-battered women in society is â€Å"why didn’t she just leave? †. The answer to this, though not proven, is not that difficult to understand. A woman, who is being physically abused, is usually being emotionally abused and manipulated as well. A real threat of death may keep women from leaving. Resources may have been taken away from these women: money, cars, even jobs. They are usually isolated from the people that care about them. The abusers are their husbands, boyfriends, and significant others, oftentimes the only person left to love them. The abusive relationship is all they know. Domestic violence poses a grave threat to society because it can lead to further crime. Battered women may feel so trapped that there is no other way out than homicide. The homicide rate within intimate partner violence has dropped significantly in the last twenty five years due to increased public awareness and new policies, but it still exists (Dugan, Nagin, and Rosenfield 2003). Retaliation or feelings of being trapped lead some battered women to commit crimes they never would have before. Ironically, the resources that have been put into place to protect women from violence have actually played a crucial role in reducing the number of intimate partner homicides at the hands of victims. Studies have shown that regardless of whether there are resources available or not to help battered women, men’s violent tendencies stayed the same. This may seem to be a benefit to society, since homicide is being prevented, but it also shines light on something else. The laws that have been put into place need to be revised. Women are still unsafe and policy needs to be dramatically altered to deal with that (Dugan, Nagin, and Rosenfield 2003). If the government and society worked harder to accept domestic violence as not just a problem, but as a violation of human rights, as it is directly stated in the fourteenth amendment, these women might stand a chance. If nothing changes, one out of every three women will continue to be at risk of developing serious health problems, continuing to be exposed to violence, and getting so lost in the shuffle of the legal system that they take the law into their own hands.

I. Introduction/Background/Purpose/Hypothesis Essays - Catalysis

I. Introduction/Background/Purpose/Hypothesis: BACKROUND: An enzyme is a protein that controls the chemical reactions that take place in the body. Enzymes help by catalyzing (speeding up) the reaction and intern lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Molecules called substrates bind with enzymes during reactions. However each enzyme has a very specific purpose. The shape of the active site on the enzyme's outer layer determines that purpose, along with deciding which substrates can bind with that specific enzyme. The active site of the enzyme is the spot where the substrate binds in order for the reaction to occur. The bond formed by the enzyme and substrate is a noncovalent chemical bond that exists little more than a millisecond. However, while bonded the substrate undergoes a chemical change and is converted into the product of the reaction. While held together by this weak bond the enzyme-substrate complex is formed. When the reaction is over this complex breaks down and the product leaves the enzy me and is used by the cell. Then enzyme returns to the catalytic cycle unchanged and it waits to be used again. Any one enzyme may be used over a thousand times per second: in turn requiring very little amounts of enzyme to convert large amounts of substrate into product. Since they are used at such an extreme pace enzymes do wear out and denature. Cellular proteinases are what cause the denaturation of the enzyme. The enzyme is then changed into the most basic amino acids and is used to make other proteins. The balance of the following determines enzyme amount: the process, which degrade the enzyme, and the processes that synthesize the enzyme. If a chemical reaction requires an enzyme to occur and none are present, than the rate of the reaction is very slow. However, if the amount of enzyme concentration is increased in a chemical equation than the catabolic rate is also increased. PURPOSE: The experiment we are going to investigate is meant to determine the effects of temperature on the activity of the enzyme. We will test temperatures ranging from 4?C to 48?C to find out if extreme temperatures either increase or decrease enzyme activity. Four different compounds will be tested, each having a different temperature, in order to determine what, if any, affect those temperatures will have on the enzyme activity. Comparing the color change in the substances will monitor enzyme activity. These color changes will be observed according to their absorbency of light. The absorbency will be monitored using a spectrophometer. Each compound will be tested several times to get an average set of data. This is done in order to avoid skewed results. All raw data will be recorded in table 1.1, and displayed by a graph. The averages will be recorded in table 1.2 and then displayed in there own graph. The averages will be used to get standard deviations. Those figures will be d isplayed in table 1.3 and also displayed in a graph. HYPOTHESIS: Enzyme activity will be increased as the temperature changes. However, at the extreme temperatures the enzyme activity will decrease. One thing should be kept in mind however, this experiment uses peroxidase as its enzyme, but every enzyme has a different optimal temperatures. II. Materials/Method: MATERIALS: 9 test tubes, 2 hot water baths (one at 32?C and one at 48?C), Refrigerator, 30 ml guaiacol, 30ml H2O2, 30ml turnip extract, 30ml of Ph5 stock solution, spectrophometer, micro-pipet, roller pipet, 2 test tubes racks, 2 cuvets, cuvet rack, kim wipes, timer, gloves and goggles, distilled water, micro-pipet tips, sharpie METHOD: 1) Pre-incubate water baths to correct temperatures 2) Label test tubes 1-9 with Sharpie marker 3) Mix test tubes according to table 4.3 on page 4-9 of lab manual 4) Calibrate spectrophometer, according to directions given on page4-5 figure4.3, using test tube number 1 (the control) 5) Mix test tubes 2 & 3 and record absorbency every twenty seconds for 2 minutes. (be sure to start timing as soon as test tubes are mixed being mixed) 6) Mix test tubes 4 & 5 and record absorbency every twenty seconds for 2 minutes. (be sure to start timing as soon as test tubes are mixed being mixed) 7) Mix test tubes 6 & 7 and record absorbency every twenty seconds for

How Mark Anthony manipulates the crowd after the death of Julius Caesar Essay Example

How Mark Anthony manipulates the crowd after the death of Julius Caesar Essay Example How Mark Anthony manipulates the crowd after the death of Julius Caesar Paper How Mark Anthony manipulates the crowd after the death of Julius Caesar Paper Essay Topic: Julius Caesar Shakespeares play Julius Caesar is a play which elucidates many themes such as ambition, jealousy, tragedy, honour and integrity. It was written between the period 1597 and 1600 AD. The play is based upon actual events which took place in Rome over two millenniums ago. At the beginning of the play Shakespeare illustrates how Julius Caesar, following a successful campaign, returns to Rome and is offered the crown. He further explains that Cassius, a senior member of the senate, fearing for the republic, heads a conspiracy to murder Caesar. As the play continues, Cassius manages to invite many to aid his cause amongst whom was Brutus, a high-ranked member of the senate. The outcome of the conspiracy led to the death of Caesar in the capitol whilst the latter was totally unaware of the conspiracy. Following the death of Caesar, Brutus confronts the citizens of Rome and explains to them how his involvement in the conspiracy was for a pure and sincere intention and not to commit a cruel act of injustice. The aftermath of this speech was the consolation of the public and their total appreciation of this noble act. Concluding his speech, Brutus attempting to fully reassure the crowd, requested Mark Anthony to add a few words in appreciation of what he had just done. Anthony was a close companion of Caesar so his approval of the conspiracy would be very valuable in proving to the public the righteousness of the act. However Anthony, either for his own benefit or for justice, spoke against the conspiracy. This speech was highly effective and probably the turning point of the entire play. It was the reason for war and the reason for vengeance being taken. Anthonys powerful speech confines the true essence of politics and how orating influences are greater than any physical appliances or mannerisms to deter a people. During the following essay I shall attempt to analyse how Anthonys speech was influential and how he found it easier to appeal to emotion rather than reasoning to manipulate the citizens. Anthonys speech was a lot more subtle that that of Brutus. He uses more indirect methods to manipulate the crowd. He was able to read the mood of the audience whilst he was addressing them. He also paused three times during his speech, causing suspense, which consequently added to the drama that he wanted to create. In addition he even lied and pretended just so that he could gain the interests of his audience. Anthonys tone of speech varied as he spoke. This can be observed from the different attitudes portrayed in the manner in which he spoke. By varying his tone of voice, Anthony would be able to gain the interest of his audience, whereas if it were monotonous, the speech would sound boring. The opening few words of a speech are always important in drawing the attention of the audience. Anthony addresses the citizens as Friends, Romans, countrymen (Act 3: Scene 2) in contrast to Brutus who addressed them as Romans, countrymen and lovers. This variance, although slight, shows a major contrast in the attitudes of Brutus and Anthony. Brutus clearly demonstrates that his love for Rome is greater than any affection of an individual or close relation. Even in his statement Not that I lovd Caser less but that I lovd Rome more. (Act 3: Scene 2) it is evident of his keenness in the development of Rome over any prejudice feeling which would oppose a peaceful and blissful future in Rome. On the contrary, Mark Anthony firstly appeals to those who have close relationship with him and then mentions the Romans and countrymen who are insignificant in comparison to those whom are loved and revered. This is a clause leading to his true intention to establish that emotions and intimacy should be considered before the betterment of the state. So Anthony, in reality, is trying to appeal to the emotions of the crowd rather than, like Brutus, appeal to the love of the crowd for Rome and their home. Immediately after receiving the attention of the crowd, Anthony, carefully considering the mood of the audience, claims I come to bury Caesar not to praise him (Act 3: Scene 2). The public, after listening to Brutus, were fully reassured by the virtue of Caesars death. Furthermore the crowd, as one plebeian confirmed, felt that speaking ill of Brutus would be inappropriate and would initiate the audiences wrath and displeasure. Anthony understood this and therefore decided to take a more subtle approach in degrading Brutus and his conspiracy. As the speech progresses Anthony repetitively mentions the nobility and honour of Brutus and those that assisted him in the murder of Caesar. However Anthonys true intent was not to dignify Brutus and the other conspirators, rather to debase them. Anthony does this by making honour appear as a deterrent to seeing the good actions of an individual. He mentions honour alongside the killing of a man who brought many captives home, hath wept and thrice refused the crown. This technique that Anthony used was very effective as can be observed from the proclamation of one of the plebeians that They were traitors: honourable men? Then, after mentioning the virtues of Caesar, Anthony condemns the belief of anybody who said that Caesar was ambitious because Ambition should be made of sterner stuff (Act 3: Scene 2). Also the rhetorical question was this ambition? is very effective because Caesars greatness was just mentioned and by seeing Caesar in a bias way, as Anthony portrayed him, it becomes obvious that Caesar would not be ambitious. Thereafter appealing again to the sympathy of the crowd Anthony states Bear with me, my heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, and I must pause till it come back to me. By saying this Anthony demonstrates to the crowd how he was greatly moved by Caesars demise. The audience would obviously think highly of Anthony because, unlike Brutus, Anthony has feelings which are for him unbearable to suppress. The crowds appreciation of this quality of Anthony can be further observed by a plebeians claim that Poor soul, his eyes are red as fire with weeping (Act 3: Scene 2). In addition some of the assertions made by the plebeians indicate their approval of what he had to say, for instance one of them said Methinks he has much reasoning in his saying (Act 3: Scene 2). Later Anthony turns the speech onto a fabricated will. This will was a deceitful lie which the crowd were instantly attracted to and eager to hear their share. This lie demonstrates how fickle the crowd are because they are now more willing to believe in Anthonys integrity. They did not pause to reflect whether the will is genuine or not as this may lead to doubts which will consequently lead to the will not being read out and therefore no one being the recipient of the seventy five drachmas promised. At first, Anthony does not read to them the will even after the constant pleas of the crowd. This is indicative of the fact that he only fabricated the will as bait because he wanted to hold them in suspense and keep them enthralled in whatever he had to say. He asks the crowd Will you be patient? Will you stay awhile? He does this in order to calm the crowd so that he could gain their attention. Furthermore Anthony remarks I fear I wrong the honourable men whose dagger have stabbed Caesar: I do fear it Anthony pretends to feel guilty. This makes the crowd trust him more because they feel that he is innocence and is speaking for justice and not for power. Shortly afterwards Anthony explains why he doesnt read the will straightaway. He says You are not wood, you are not stone but men: and being men hearing the will of Caesar, it will inflame you. Here Anthony, very cleverly, flatters the crowd. The reason why these words are so effective is because of its contradiction to those words of Marullus, who at the beginning of the play addressed the citizens as You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things (Act 1: Scene 1), referring to their fickleness and stupidity. By saying this, Anthony gains the trust and affection of his audience. With Caesars body at his side, Anthony affectionately explains to the crowd You all do know this mantle, I remember the first time ever Caesar put it on, twas on a summers evening in his tent. (Act 3: Scene 2) By saying this again Anthony would seem like a very sensitive and caring man, which everybody adores. Another notable way in which Anthony gets the trust of the audience is by showing that he knew the most intricate details of the incident. He says Look in this place ran Cassius dagger through: see what a rent the envious Casca made: through this the well beloved Brutus stabbed. By pretending he knows the order in which Caesar was stabbed, Anthony would be confident that he has the trust of his audience because the crowd would think that he knows all the facts and thus is in a better position to make a judgement. Furthermore Anthony refers to Brutus as being beloved and Caesars angel, which would make the audience feel great animosity towards Brutus, who although so dear to Caesar, betrayed him. From this, it can be understood clearly that Anthony is appealing to the emotions of the citizens and not logical reasoning to rebel against the conspirators. To show his innocence and his pure intention to stand for justice, Anthony claims I am no orator as Brutus is; but a plain blunt man I have neither writ nor words, nor worth, action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech, to stir mens blood. (Act 3: Scene ) Judging from this, the crowd may have deduced that Anthony is more reliable than Brutus because his speech was directly from the heart and not because he had the power of speech as did Brutus. He would also appear as an innocent man who wishes nothing except justice to prevail. Moreover the citizens would feel as though Anthony is not a member of the senate, nor involved in politics but one of them. This gives them an added sense of empathy towards Anthony, because if he is accepted as one of them, they would think of him as a friend who just wants sympathy rather than a senior member of the senate who would need to be treated with respect and honour. Concluding his mutiny against Brutus and the others who conspired against Caesar, Anthony says And bid them speak to me: but were I Brutus, and Brutus Anthony, there were an Anthony would ruffle up your spirits, and put a tongue in every wound of Caesar, that should move the stones of Rome, to rise and mutiny. (Act 3: Scene 2). By saying this, Anthony is able to give the crowd a final hint of encouragement to rise and mutiny. Unlike the way he began his speech, by glorify the conspirators; he ends it by mentioning their wickedness and evilness. He tells them that if he had the consciousness of Brutus, he would curse Caesar only for power, due to lustful greed and passion. Again Anthonys innocence would be authenticated because he compares himself to the wickedness of Marcus Brutus. The people of Rome were extremely fickle and easily manipulated. They did not understand the world of politics and how much power they held as citizens of Rome. However there were members of the senate who had great political acumen. They possessed superb understanding of politics. They could very easily influence and change the hearts of an entire nation. Although Mark Anthony was not considered as one of them, after the death of Caesar, Anthonys insight in the field of politics was recognised. He managed to, very cleverly, manipulate the crowd into believing that the murder of Caesar was an immoral act of injustice and the conspirators only acted out of jealousy and envy for Caesars power. Mark Anthonys speech highlights the fickleness of human beings and how they are easily swayed by the eloquence of speech. The techniques used by Mark Anthony are still being displayed today by contemporary politicians. These techniques are highly effective as Shakespeare shows in Julius Caesar.

How our lifestyle can affect and is affecting our Environment Essay

How our lifestyle can affect and is affecting our Environment - Essay Example This paper analyses how our life styles are affecting our environment. Air pollution, water pollution, generation of hazardous waste, and noise pollution are some of the major environmental problems caused by industries (Industrial Pollution, p.87). Majority of the industries emit harmful gases into the atmosphere which is causing atmospheric pollution. When living things forced to breath these toxic gases, various types of diseases may develop among living things including humans. Increased use of fertilizers, chemicals, and pesticides in agricultural fields is causing huge water pollution. When rain water flows through such agricultural fields, unused, fertilizers and chemicals will dissolve in the water and pollute it. people who use such water for drinking purpose may develop severe health problems. Nuclear power plants are constructed on a large scale at present in order to solve the energy crisis. The nuclear wastes produced from such nuclear power plants are dumping into the sea and other places. These nuclear wastes have the ability to liberate harmful radiations for thousands of years and cancer like health problems can be increased because of that. Heavy machineries are normally operating inside the factories. These machineries can generate huge noises which can generate noise pollution. Automobiles also can generate noise pollution.... Hydrocarbon emissions result when fuel molecules in the engine do not burn or burn only partially. Hydrocarbons react in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, a major component of smog. Ozone irritates the eyes, damages the lungs, and aggravates respiratory problems. It is our most widespread and intractable urban air pollution problem. A number of exhaust hydrocarbons are also toxic, with the potential to cause cancer (Automobile Emissions: An Overview, p.2) The emissions from automobiles are causing severe threats to the atmosphere. Majority of the gases emitted by the automobiles are causing atmospheric pollution and other problems. Deforestation is another major manmade environmental problem. Trees absorb the dangerous carbon dioxide from atmosphere and liberate more useful oxygen to the atmosphere. In other words, dense forests which provide us fresh air or oxygen for breathing have given way for industrial units which liberates toxic gases to the environment. In other words the protectors of environment given way for the destructors of the environment. It should be noted that deforestation can cause climatic changes also. Refrigerators and air conditioners are essential things for the modern generation. People keep a blind eye towards the fact that these modern equipment are liberating CFC into the atmosphere which is capable of destroying the ozone protection above the atmosphere. Ozone covering above the atmosphere is necessary to prevent harmful radiations reaching on earth from sun and other stars. Reports from the European press states that Soviet Union is secretly dumping nuclear reactors and radioactive waste into the bordering seas (Rao, p.1). Nuclear waste disposal is another major environmental